The journal adheres to the principles of academic integrity and follows the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Particular attention is given to verifying the originality of manuscripts and preventing all forms of research misconduct.

Duplicate or redundant submission

Authors must submit only original manuscripts that are not under consideration by other journals. Submission of the same work to multiple journals, as well as the publication of several articles based on the same study without proper justification, is considered a violation of ethical standards. In such cases, the manuscript may be rejected and editorial sanctions may be applied to the authors.

Citation manipulation

Articles in which artificial inflation of references is detected with the purpose of increasing the citation rate of an author or a particular journal are not accepted for publication.

Data falsification or fabrication

The detection of falsified research results, manipulation of data, or alteration of images constitutes grounds for the immediate rejection of the manuscript and may lead to further measures regarding the authors.

If ethical violations are suspected, the editorial board conducts an investigation in accordance with COPE recommendations. Authors are given the opportunity to provide explanations, after which the editorial board determines further actions.

Corrections to published materials

If errors are identified after publication, the journal may publish appropriate corrections:

• Erratum — notification of errors introduced during the editorial preparation of the article;
• Corrigendum — correction of errors originating from the authors.

Corrections may be initiated by authors, editors, or readers. After editorial verification, they are published as a separate notice linked to the original article.

Article retraction

In exceptional cases, the journal may retract a published article. Grounds for retraction may include:

• unreliability of research results;
• plagiarism or duplicate publication;
• authorship violations;
• compromised peer-review process;
• unethical research practices.

The decision to retract an article is made by the Editor-in-Chief or a Deputy Editor after an appropriate investigation. In such cases, the article is marked “Retraction,” and a separate retraction statement with its own DOI is published.

Retraction of a manuscript prior to publication

Authors may withdraw their manuscript prior to publication. To do so, they must submit a written request to the editorial office explaining the reasons for withdrawal and signed by all authors. After withdrawal, the manuscript is removed from the editorial system, while copyright remains with the authors.